Course on Breeding, Handling, and Experimental Procedures of Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Training, Refinement, Paradigm Shift, and Dissemination of Knowledge from Brazil to the World.

Currently, in Brazil, all researchers involved in animal experimentation must undergo training in laboratory animal science to stay updated on biology, methodology, ethics, and legal considerations related to the use of animals. The training program presented in this study not only aims to fulfill a legal obligation but also intends to train students and professionals to effectively care for their biomodels. It seeks to help them understand the importance of this care, both for the welfare of the animals and for the results of their projects. In total, 58 participants were present at the event (pre-event and full-time course). These participants consisted students and professionals from 11 institutions and 5 different countries. These numbers demonstrate the successful attainment of the desired capillarity in the scientific community and the posterior dissemination of knowledge. Through this course, it was possible to train the participants and raise their awareness about the importance of applying scientific knowledge in their daily practices to maintain the animals, ensuring the welfare of the models and refining the research. Finally, the program presented in this study, as well as the strategies adopted, can serve as a model for other institutions aiming to achieve similar results.

Urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori infection in adult dyspeptic patients: A meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been well-established as a significant risk factor for several gastrointestinal disorders. The urea breath test (UBT) has emerged as a leading non-invasive method for detecting H. pylori. Despite numerous studies confirming its substantial accuracy, the reliability of UBT results is often compromised by inherent limitations. These findings underscore the need for a rigorous statistical synthesis to clarify and reconcile the diagnostic accuracy of the UBT for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. AIM: To determine and compare the diagnostic accuracy of 13C-UBT and 14C-UBT for H. pylori infection in adult patients with dyspepsia. METHODS: We conducted an independent search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central databases until April 2022. Our search included diagnostic accuracy studies that evaluated at least one of the index tests (13C-UBT or 14C-UBT) against a reference standard. We used the QUADAS-2 tool to assess the methodological quality of the studies. We utilized the bivariate random-effects model to calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative test likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-), as well as the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and their 95% confidence intervals. We conducted subgroup analyses based on urea dosing, time after urea administration, and assessment technique. To investigate a possible threshold effect, we conducted Spearman correlation analysis, and we generated summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves to assess heterogeneity. Finally, we visually inspected a funnel plot and used Egger's test to evaluate publication bias. RESULTS: The titles and abstracts of 4621 studies were screened; 79 articles were retrieved and selected for full-text reading. Finally, 60 studies were included in the diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Our analysis demonstrates superior diagnostic accuracy of 13C-UBT over 14C-UBT, indicated by higher sensitivity (96.60% vs 96.15%), specificity (96.93% vs 89.84%), likelihood ratios (LR+ 22.00 vs 10.10; LR- 0.05 vs 0.06), and area under the curve (AUC; 0.979 vs 0.968). Notably, 13C-UBT's DOR (586.47) significantly outperforms 14C-UBT (DOR 226.50), making it the preferred diagnostic tool for dyspeptic individuals with H. pylori infection. Correlation analysis revealed no threshold effect (13C-UBT: r = 0.48; 14C-UBT: r = -0.01), and SROC curves showed consistent accuracy. Both 13C-UBT and 14C-UBT showed high AUC values (13C-UBT 0.979; 14C-UBT 0.968) near 1.00, reinforcing their excellent accuracy and endorsing both as reliable diagnostic tools in clinical practice. CONCLUSION: In summary, our study has demonstrated that 13C-UBT has been found to outperform the 14C-UBT, making it the preferred diagnostic approach. Additionally, our results emphasize the significance of carefully considering urea dosage, assessment timing, and measurement techniques for both tests to enhance diagnostic precision. Nevertheless, it is crucial for researchers and clinicians to evaluate the strengths and limitations of our findings before implementing them in practice.

Racial and ethnic disparities in premature births among pregnant women in the NISAMI cohort, Brazil.

The incidence of premature birth has increased worldwide, unequally distributed by race/ethnicity. Racism generates economic inequalities, educational disparities, and differential access to health care, which increases the risk of preterm birth. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with preterm birth and racial and ethnic disparities in premature birth among pregnant women attending prenatal care at the Brazilian Unified Health System health units in the urban area of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. This study used data from 938 pregnant women aged between 18 to 45 years within the NISAMI prospective cohort. Premature birth prevalence was 11.8%, with a higher prevalence among black than non-black women (12.9% versus 6.0%, respectively). Maternal age between 18 and 24 years was the only factor associated with premature birth. A higher risk of premature birth was found among black women than non-black women (RR 3.22; 95%CI 1.42-7.32). These results reveal the existence of racial and social inequalities in the occurrence of premature birth.

Racial and ethnic disparities in premature births among pregnant women in the NISAMI cohort, Brazil / Disparidades étnicas e raciais nos partos prematuros entre gestantes da coorte NISAMI, Brasil

Abstract The incidence of premature birth has increased worldwide, unequally distributed by race/ethnicity. Racism generates economic inequalities, educational disparities, and differential access to health care, which increases the risk of preterm birth. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with preterm birth and racial and ethnic disparities in premature birth among pregnant women attending prenatal care at the Brazilian Unified Health System health units in the urban area of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. This study used data from 938 pregnant women aged between 18 to 45 years within the NISAMI prospective cohort. Premature birth prevalence was 11.8%, with a higher prevalence among black than non-black women (12.9% versus 6.0%, respectively). Maternal age between 18 and 24 years was the only factor associated with premature birth. A higher risk of premature birth was found among black women than non-black women (RR 3.22; 95%CI 1.42-7.32). These results reveal the existence of racial and social inequalities in the occurrence of premature birth.

Resumo A incidência de parto prematuro tem aumentado em todo o mundo, distribuída de forma desigual por raça/etnia. O racismo gera desigualdades econômicas, disparidades educacionais e acesso diferenciado à saúde, o que aumenta o risco de parto prematuro. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os fatores associados à prematuridade e disparidades raciais e étnicas no parto prematuro entre gestantes atendidas durante o pré-natal em unidades de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde na zona urbana de Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brasil. Este estudo utilizou dados de 938 mulheres grávidas com idade entre 18 e 45 anos dentro da coorte prospectiva do NISAMI. A prevalência de prematuridade foi de 11,8%, sendo maior entre as negras do que entre as não negras (12,9% versus 6,0%, respectivamente). A idade materna entre 18 e 24 anos foi o único fator associado ao parto prematuro. Foi encontrado maior risco de prematuridade entre as mulheres negras do que entre as não negras (RR 3,22; IC95% 1,42-7,32). Esses resultados revelam a existência de desigualdades raciais e sociais na ocorrência do parto prematuro.

Adverse effects of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men and transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The adverse effects of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are barriers to PrEP initiation and continuation. Although serious effects are rare and predictable, evidence for this assessment among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) is still limited. This study assesses the adverse effects of daily oral PrEP in MSM and TGW. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials and cohort studies on the use of daily oral PrEP selected from the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases. Data extraction included adverse effects and changes in renal and hepatic markers. Random effects models were used to summarize the risk of adverse effects throughout the study. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran's Q test and the inconsistency test (I2). The risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations. The search identified 653 references. Of these, 10 were selected. All studies assessed the eligibility of renal and hepatic markers. The use of daily oral PrEP was not associated with grade 3 or 4 adverse events (RR = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.83-1.18; I2 = 26.1%), any serious adverse event (RR = 1.04; 95%CI: 0.58-1.87; I2 = 88.4%), grade 3+4 creatinine level (RR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.24-1.84; I2 = 79.9%), and grade 3 or 4 hypophosphatemia (RR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.15-2.10). The certainty of the evidence ranged from high to moderate for the outcomes analyzed. Daily oral PrEP is safe and well tolerated by MSM and TGW. Adverse effects were minimal and evenly distributed between intervention and control.

Self-medication associated with toothache: a systematic literature review / Automedicação associada à dor de dente: uma revisão sistemática da literatura / Automedicación asociada al dolor de dientes: una revisión sistemática de la literatura

Introduction: Self-medication consists of selecting and using medication without a poprescription or guidance from a healthcare professional. This practice has been widely reported worldwide, which has contributed to a series of adverse health outcomes, such as delayed diagnosis, worsening of clinical conditions, drug interactions, intoxication, and adverse reactions, which tend to compromise patient safety. Objective:To analyze the prevalence of self-medication associated with toothache, the main factors associated with self-medication in dental patients, as well as outline the profile of medications used by these individuals, the preferred route of administration, and the main sources of medication.Methodology:Asystematic review was developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Relevant articles published in the last ten years, without limitations of language were searched using the following descriptors/MeSHterms and keywords: "self-medication" and (toothache or "dental pain") not Child. Results:The initial search returned 61 manuscripts. Fourteen papers, all cross-sectional studies, were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review.Conclusions:The prevalence of self-medication for toothache ranged from 6.5% to 100.0%. Cultural and economic factors, barriers to access, the high cost of dental treatments, lack of time and money, and the perception that dental problems are not a serious problem are among the main factors associated with the practice. Regarding the drugs used, the most used classes were paracetamol, especially anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly ibuprofen, and analgesics administered orally (AU).

Introdução:A automedicação consiste na escolha e uso de medicamentos sem prescrição ou orientação de um profissional de saúde. Essa prática tem sido amplamente divulgada em todo o mundo, o que tem contribuído para uma série de desfechos adversos à saúde, como atraso no diagnóstico, piora do quadro clínico, interações medicamentosas, intoxicações e reações adversas, que tendem a comprometer a segurança do paciente. Objetivo:Analisar a prevalência da automedicação associada à dor de dente, os principais fatores associados à automedicação em pacientes odontológicos, bem como traçar o perfil dos medicamentos utilizados por esses indivíduos, a via preferencial de administração e as principais fontes de medicação. Metodologia:Uma revisão sistemática foi desenvolvida de acordo com os itens de relatório preferidos para revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises (PRISMA). Foram pesquisados artigos relevantes publicados nos últimos dez anos, sem limitação de linguagem, utilizando os seguintes descritores/MeSHterms e palavras-chave: "self-medication" e (toothache or "dental pain") não Child. Resultados:A busca inicial encontrou61manuscritos. Quatorze artigos, de delineamento transversal,foram considerados elegíveis e incluídos para a revisão.Conclusões:A prevalência de automedicação para dor de dente variou de 6,5% a 100,0%. Fatores culturais e econômicos, barreiras de acesso, alto custo dos tratamentos odontológicos, falta de tempo e dinheiro e a percepção de que os problemas odontológicos não são um problema grave estão entre os principais fatores associados à prática. Em relação aos medicamentos utilizados, as classes mais utilizadas foram o paracetamol, principalmente os anti-inflamatórios, principalmente o ibuprofeno, e os analgésicos por via oral (AU).

Introducción: La automedicación consiste en seleccionar y utilizar medicamentos sin receta ni orientación de un profesional sanitario. Esta práctica ha sido ampliamente reportada a nivel mundial, lo que ha contribuido a una serie de resultados adversos para la salud, como retraso en el diagnóstico, empeoramiento de las condiciones clínicas, interacciones medicamentosas, intoxicaciones y reacciones adversas, que tienden a comprometer la seguridad del paciente.Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de automedicación asociada al dolor de muelas, los principales factores asociados a la automedicación en pacientes odontológicos, así como delinear el perfil de medicamentos utilizados por estos individuos, la vía de administración preferida y las principales fuentes de medicación. Metodología: Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Se buscaron artículos relevantes publicados en los últimos diez años, sin limitaciones de idioma, utilizando los siguientes descriptores/MeSHterms y palabras clave: "self-medication" y (toothache or "dental pain") not Child. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial arrojó 61 manuscritos. Catorce artículos, todos estudios transversales, fueron elegibles para su inclusión en la revisión sistemática.Conclusiones: La prevalencia de automedicación para el dolor de muelas osciló entre 6,5% y 100,0%. Los factoresculturales y económicos, las barreras de acceso, el alto costo de los tratamientos dentales, la falta de tiempo y dinero, y la percepción de que los problemas dentales no son un problema grave se encuentran entre los principales factores asociados con la práctica. En cuanto a los fármacos utilizados, las clases más utilizadas fueron el paracetamol, especialmente los antiinflamatorios, especialmente el ibuprofeno, y los analgésicos por vía oral (AU).

Demand creation and retention strategies for oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men and transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) have a disproportionately higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than other groups. Oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective prevention tool and should be offered to those at higher risk. Identifying demand creation strategies (DCS) and retention strategies (RS) to improve PrEP persistence is essential to control the HIV epidemic. AIM: We aimed to identify the (DCS and RS with higher proportions among MSM and TGW. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies were conducted, with studies retrieved from five databases until November, 2022 following the Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022323220). The outcomes were DCS and RS for PrEP use among MSM and TGW. Strategies used for users enrolled in the PrEP-recruited (DCS) were classified as face-to-face (peer educator recruitment at social venues, nongovernmental organizations, and parties; direct referrals by health services; friends and/or sexual partners); online (chatbot or peer educator recruitment on social media [e.g., , Instagram or Facebook] or dating/hook-up apps [e.g., Grindr, Tinder, Badoo, and Scruff]); and mixed (face-to-face and online). RS was classified as provider counseling (face-to-face by a health professional; prevention of HIV risk counseling, distribution of condoms, lubricants, and testing for HIV or other sexually transmitted infections); online counseling (text messages, chatbots, telephone calls, social media, and peer educators); and mixed (all previous strategies). Subgroup analyses were conducted for each treatment strategy. Meta-analyses were performed using the R software version 4.2.1. RESULTS: A total of 1, 129 studies were retrieved from the five databases. After eligibility, 46 studies were included. For MSM, most DCS and RS were online at 91% (95% CI: 0.85-0.97; I2=53%), and 83% (95% CI: 0.80-0.85; I2=17%) respectively. For TGW, mixed DCS and RS were the most frequent at85% (95% CI: 0.60-1.00; I2=91%) and online counseling at 84% (95% CI: 0.64-0.95) compared to other strategies. CONCLUSION: Critical issues play. Pivotal role in increasing PrEP awareness among MSM and TGW, minimizing access gaps, and ensuring retention of PrEP services. Offering oral PrEP using online DCS and RS can reach and retain high numbers of MSM and TGW, and reduce HIV incidence in these populations.

Effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication in the treatment of early-stage gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: An up-to-date meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (GML) is usually a low-grade B-cell neoplasia strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced chronic gastritis. Clinical practice guidelines currently recommend H. pylori eradication as the preferred initial treatment for early-stage GML. To determine the practical effect of bacterial eradication as the sole initial therapy for early-stage GML, an updated analysis and review of available evidence is imperative. AIM: To perform a meta-analysis to assess the rate of complete remission (CR) of H. pylori-positive early-stage GML following bacterial eradication. METHODS: We performed independent, computer-assisted literature searches using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central databases through September 2022. Prospective and retrospective observational studies evaluating the CR of early-stage GML following bacterial eradication in H. pylori-positive patients. The risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools. The pooled estimate of the complete histopathological remission rate and respective confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated following the random-effects model. Heterogeneity and inconsistency were assessed using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic, and heterogeneity was defined as P < 0.01 and I² > 50%, respectively. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS: The titles and abstracts of 1576 studies were screened; 96 articles were retrieved and selected for full-text reading. Finally, 61 studies were included in the proportional meta-analysis (P-MA). Forty-six were prospective and fifteen were retrospective uncontrolled, single-arm, observational studies. The overall risk of bias was low to moderate in all but a single report, with an average critical appraisal score across all studies of 79.02%. A total of 2936 H. pylori-positive early-stage GML patients, in whom H. pylori was successfully eradicated, were included in the analysis. The pooled CR of H. pylori-positive early-stage GML after bacterial eradication was 75.18% (95%CI: 70.45%-79.91%). P-MA indicated the substantial heterogeneity in CR reported across studies (I 2 = 92%; P < 0.01). Meta-regression analysis identified statistically significant effect modifiers, including the proportion of patients with t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive GML and the risk of bias in each study. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive synthesis of available evidence suggests that H. pylori eradication is effective as the sole initial therapy for early-stage GML. Although the substantial heterogeneity observed across studies limits the interpretation of the pooled overall CR, the present study is a relevant to informing clinical practice.

Bacillus subtilis KM0 Impacts gut Microbiota Profile and Transcription of Genes Related to Transcellular Transport in Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

It is known that probiotic microorganisms play important roles in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Also, probiotics can affect the paracellular and transcellular transport mechanisms performed by intestinal cells. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis KM0 on the profile of the gut microbiota and transcription of genes related to intestinal transport of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish was exposed by immersion to B. subtilis KM0 for 48 h, and the intestines were collected for metataxonomic analysis and transcription of genes related to transcellular and paracellular transports. Although exposure to B. subtilis changed the intestinal microbiota profile of zebrafish, the diversity indices were not altered. A decrease in the number of genera of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Flavobacterium, Plesiomonas, and Pseudomonas) and downregulation in transcription of transcellular transport genes (cubn and amn) were observed. B. subtilis KM0 strain had the expected probiotic effect, by interfering with the proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacteria and decreasing the transcription of genes codifying for signals involved with a mechanism that can be used for invasion by pathogens. The present study demonstrated that, even with a short-term exposure, a bacterium with probiotic potential such as the KM0 strain of B. subtilis can modify the profile of the host's intestinal microbiota, with an impact on the regulation of intestinal genes related to mechanisms that can be used for invasion by pathogenic bacteria.

HIV Testing Strategies, Types of Tests, and Uptake by Men Who have Sex with Men and Transgender Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of strategies and types of tests on HIV testing uptake by men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW), and in reaching PLWH. Articles published up to July 2020 were identified from major electronic databases and grey literature. Data were extracted and assessed for risk of bias. Estimates were pooled using random-effect meta-analysis while heterogeneity was evaluated by Cochran's Q test and I2. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020192740). Of 6820 titles, 263 studies (n = 67,288 participants) were included. The testing strategies reported in most studies were community- (71.2%) and facility-based (28.8%). Highest uptake, with facility-based testing, occurred and reached more PLWH while with standard laboratory tests, it occurred with the highest HIV prevalence among MSM. However, urine test showed a highest rate of new HIV infection. Multiple test combinations had the highest uptake and reached more PLWH among TGW. Various testing strategies, considering barriers and regional differences, and different test types, need be considered, to increase uptake among MSM and TGW.

RESUMEN: Esta revisión sistemática y metaanálisis tuvo como objetivo investigar la efectividad de las estrategias y los tipos de pruebas para la realización de la prueba del VIH entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) y mujeres transgénero (MT), y su alcance a personas que viven con el VIH (PVV). Los artículos publicados hasta julio de 2020 fueron identificados utilizando base de datos y literatura gris; se extrajeron los datos de los artículos y se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo. Las estimaciones se agruparon mediante un metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios, mientras que la heterogeneidad fue evaluada utilizando la prueba Q de Cochran y la prueba I2. Este estudio está registrado en PROSPERO (CRD42020192740). De 6820 títulos, fueron incluidos 263 estudios (n = 67,288 participantes). En la mayoría, las estrategias reportadas fueron comunitarias (71.2%) y en establecimientos de salud (28.8%). Las pruebas realizadas en establecimientos de salud tuvieron mayor captación y mayor alcance de PVV mientras que con las pruebas de laboratorio estándar se detectó una mayor prevalencia del VIH entre los HSH. Sin embargo, la prueba de orina mostró una tasa más elevada de nuevas infecciones por el VIH. La combinación de múltiples pruebas tuvo mayor captación y tuvo alcance a PVV entre MT. Es necesario considerar las diferentes estrategias, tomando en cuenta las barreras y diferencias regionales, así como los diferentes tipos de pruebas, para incrementar la realización de pruebas del VIH entre HSH y MT.

Melatonin for sleep disorders in people with autism: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Melatonin is a potential therapeutic intervention for improving sleep quality in people with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). We investigate the effect of using melatonin as a sleep disorder treatment in people with ASD. Interventionist studies were searched in seven databases. A total of 595 references were identified, 15 of which were eligible for the systemic review and meta-analysis. Melatonin use presented a positive effect on total sleep time (standardized mean difference- SMD = 0.78; 95%CI = 0.35; 1.21; I2 = 91%), on sleep latency (SMD = 1.23; 95%CI = 0.35; 2.11; I2 = 94%), and on sleep efficiency (SMD = -0.70; 95%CI = -1.23; -0.16; I2 = 91%) when comparing the intervention group with the placebo/control group via the global analysis. According to the global analysis, the wake after sleep onset and night awakening parameters were not statistically significant. Melatonin has possible efficacy over total time, latency, and efficiency sleep parameters.

Desenvolvimento profissional de professores de Educação Física mediados por programas de incentivo à docência em escolas de educação básica / Professional development of physical education teachers mediated by programs to encourage teaching in elementary schools / Desarrollo profesional de profesores de educación física mediado por programas de fomento de la enseñanza en escuelas primarias

Identificou e analisou possíveis implicações da participação de três professores licenciados em Educação Física (duas mulheres e um homem) em programas de incentivo à docência no desenvolvimento profissional em escolas de educação básica. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, a partir de entrevista semiestruturada com professores licenciados em Educação Física. A análise dos dados mostrou que os impactos das vivências nos programas de incentivo à docência relacionam-se com a percepção do real papel de ser docente, com a tomada de consciência mais crítica e ampliada a partir do caráter colaborativo e coletivo nas discussões temáticas, nos planejamentos de atividades de ensino e pesquisa. Verificou-se ainda que os programas influenciaram no reconhecimento, por parte dos professores, da importância da continuidade do processo formativo, com ênfase para novas formas na abordagem dos conteúdos, através da retomada das metodologias de ensino, o repensar do binômio teoria-prática no processo ensino e aprendizagem, além da inclusão na seleção dos conteúdos trabalhados.

It identified and analyzed possible implications of the participation of three Physical Education teachers (two women and one man) in programs to encourage teaching in professional development in basic education schools. A qualitative research was carried out, based on semi-structured interviews with teachers licensed in Physical Education. Data analysis showed that the impacts of experiences in teaching incentive programs are related to the perception of the real role of being a teacher, with a more critical and expanded awareness of the collaborative and collective character in the thematic discussions, in the planning of teaching and research activities. It was also verified that the programs influenced the recognition, by the teachers, of the importance of the continuity of the formative process, with emphasis on new ways of approaching the contents, through the resumption of teaching methodologies, the rethinking of the theory-practice binomial in teaching and learning process, in addition to inclusion in the selection of contents worked on.

Identificó y analizó posibles trascendencias de la participación de tres profesores licenciados en Educación Física (dos mujeres y un hombre) en programas de fomento de la docencia en el desarrollo profesional en escuelas de educación básica. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes licenciados en Educación Física. El análisis de los datos mostró que los impactos de las experiencias en programas de incentivos docentes están relacionados con la percepción del rol real del ser docente, con una conciencia más crítica y ampliada del carácter colaborativo y colectivo en las discusiones temáticas, en la planificación de la enseñanza y Actividades de investigación. También se verificó que los programas influyeron en el reconocimiento, por parte de los profesores, de la importancia de la continuidad del proceso formativo, con énfasis en nuevas formas de abordar los contenidos, a través de la reanudación de las metodologías de enseñanza, el replanteamiento de la teoría-práctica binomio en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, además de la inclusión en la selección de contenidos trabajados.

Adverse effects of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men and transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Efeitos adversos da profilaxia pré-exposição oral diária para homens que fazem sexo com homens e mulheres trans: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Efectos adversos de la profilaxis preexposición oral diaria para hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y mujeres trans: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Abstract: The adverse effects of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are barriers to PrEP initiation and continuation. Although serious effects are rare and predictable, evidence for this assessment among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) is still limited. This study assesses the adverse effects of daily oral PrEP in MSM and TGW. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials and cohort studies on the use of daily oral PrEP selected from the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases. Data extraction included adverse effects and changes in renal and hepatic markers. Random effects models were used to summarize the risk of adverse effects throughout the study. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran's Q test and the inconsistency test (I2). The risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations. The search identified 653 references. Of these, 10 were selected. All studies assessed the eligibility of renal and hepatic markers. The use of daily oral PrEP was not associated with grade 3 or 4 adverse events (RR = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.83-1.18; I2 = 26.1%), any serious adverse event (RR = 1.04; 95%CI: 0.58-1.87; I2 = 88.4%), grade 3+4 creatinine level (RR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.24-1.84; I2 = 79.9%), and grade 3 or 4 hypophosphatemia (RR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.15-2.10). The certainty of the evidence ranged from high to moderate for the outcomes analyzed. Daily oral PrEP is safe and well tolerated by MSM and TGW. Adverse effects were minimal and evenly distributed between intervention and control.

Resumo: Os efeitos adversos da profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) oral com fumarato de tenofovir desoproxila são barreiras para o início e a continuidade da PrEP. Embora os efeitos graves sejam raros e previsíveis, as evidências dessa avaliação entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) e mulheres transgênero (MTG) ainda são limitadas. Este estudo avalia os efeitos adversos da PrEP oral diária em HSH e MTG. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de ensaios clínicos e coortes que demonstram o uso de PrEP oral diária selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS e Cochrane CENTRAL. A extração de dados incluiu os efeitos adversos e alterações nos marcadores renais e hepáticos. Modelos de efeitos aleatórios foram usados para resumir o risco de efeitos adversos ao longo do estudo. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochran e inconsistência (I2). O risco de viés e a certeza da evidência foram avaliados por meio das recomendações da Colaboração Cochrane. Foram identificadas 653 referências. Destes, dez foram selecionadas. Todos os estudos avaliaram marcadores renais de elegibilidade e marcadores hepáticos. O uso diário de PrEP oral não foi associado a eventos de grau 3 ou 4 (RR = 0,99; IC95%: 0,83-1,18; I2 = 26,1%), a qualquer evento adverso grave (RR = 1,04; IC95%: 0,58-1,87; I2 =88,4%), à creatinina grau 3 ou 4 (RR = 0,66; IC95%: 0,24-1,84; I2 = 79,9%) e à hipofosfatemia grau 3 ou 4 (RR = 0,56; IC95%: 0,15-2,10). A certeza das evidências variou de alta a moderada para os desfechos analisados. A PrEP oral diária é segura e bem tolerada por HSH e MTG. Os efeitos adversos foram mínimos e distribuídos uniformemente entre a intervenção e o controle.

Resumen: Los efectos adversos de la profilaxis preexposición (PrEP) oral con fumarato de disoproxilo de tenofovir son barreras para el inicio y la continuación de la PrEP. Aunque los efectos graves son raros y predecibles, la evidencia de esta evaluación entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) y mujeres transgénero (MTG) sigue siendo limitada. Este estudio evalúa los efectos adversos de la PrEP oral diaria en HSH y MTG. Se trata de una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos y cohortes que demuestran el uso de la PrEP oral diaria seleccionada de las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS y Cochrane CENTRAL. La recolección de datos incluyó efectos adversos y cambios en los marcadores renales y hepáticos. Se utilizaron modelos de efectos aleatorios para resumir el riesgo de efectos adversos a lo largo del estudio. La heterogeneidad se evaluó mediante la prueba Q de Cochran y la inconsistencia (I2). El riesgo de sesgo y la certeza de la evidencia se evaluaron utilizando las recomendaciones de la Colaboración Cochrane. Se identificaron 653 referencias. De estas, se seleccionaron diez. Todos los estudios evaluaron los marcadores renales de elegibilidad y los marcadores hepáticos. El uso diario de la PrEP oral no se asoció con eventos de grado 3 o 4 (RR = 0,99; IC95%: 0,83-1,18; I2 = 26,1%), con ningún evento adverso grave (RR = 1,04; IC95%: 0,58-1,87; I2 = 88,4%), con creatinina de grado 3 o 4 (RR = 0,66; IC95%: 0,24-1,84; I2 = 79,9%) y con hipofosfatemia de grado 3 o 4 (RR = 0,56, IC95%: 0,15-2,10). La certeza de la evidencia varió de alta a moderada para los resultados analizados. La PrEP oral diaria es segura y bien tolerada por HSH y MTG. Los efectos adversos fueron mínimos y se distribuyeron uniformemente entre la intervención y el control.

Effect of a gluten-free diet on bone mineral density in children and adolescents with celiac disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Studies suggest an association between a gluten-free diet (GFD) and bone health in celiac disease (CD). However, the evidence on this relationship in children and adolescents is limited. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze the effect of GFD on the bone health and anthropometric profile of children and adolescents with CD. Five databases were searched up to January, 2022 to identify relevant studies. The studies' methodological quality was evaluated using two scales. The Hedge's g standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals were estimated using a random-effects model. The GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of evidence. Twenty-eight studies were included in the final review. GFD increased bone mineral content (BMC) (SMD = 0.39; 95%CI = 0.16, 0.62) and bone mineral density (BMD) (SMD = 0.29; 95%CI = 0.10, 0.47) in CD individuals. Difference in mean BMC and BMD between children and adolescents with CD versus healthy individuals was -0.49 (95%CI = -0.76, -0.22) and -0.47 (SMD = -95%CI = -0.72, -0.22), respectively. There was no difference in BMI and body fat among celiac children and adolescents versus healthy controls. In conclusion, GFD was associated with higher BMC and BMD in children and adolescents with CD.

Benefits of probiotic use on COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the new global pandemic, which has already resulted in millions of deaths, affecting the world's health and economy. Probiotics have shown benefits in a variety of diseases, including respiratory infections, and may be beneficial in the adjunctive treatment of COVID-19. This study analyzed the effectiveness of probiotics as adjunctive treatment in reducing symptoms of patients with COVID-19, through a systematic review with meta-analysis. The EMBASE (Elsevier), Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) were searched through March 16, 2022. The risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was estimated using a fixed-effect model. RoB 2 and ROBINS I were used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Nine studies were included (7 clinical trials and 2 cohorts), of which three clinical trials comprised the meta-analysis. Results showed that probiotics were associated with a significant 51% reduction in symptoms reported by COVID-19 patients (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.40-0.61). There was a significant improvement in cough (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37-0.83), headaches (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.05-0.65), and diarrhea (RR 0. 33, 95% CI 0.12-0.96) of patients on probiotic therapy. These findings suggest that probiotic supplementation is effective in improving symptoms of COVID-19.

Real-world effectiveness of biological therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease, is based on disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Typically, it starts with conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs), and depending on the patient's response to the treatment and the adverse events experienced, biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) are initiated. bDMARDs are more specific to inflammatory factors than csDMARDs and more efficient in inducing remission and low disease activity. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of biological therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in administrative health databases. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Ovid, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to 21 October 2021, to identify observational studies that evaluated the effectiveness of biological therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using administrative databases and real-world data. The methodological quality was assessed by the methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS). A fixed or random-effects model estimated risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The analysis was divided into four groups: tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) versus non-TNFi; TNFi versus TNFi (adalimumab, etanercept, and golimumab versus infliximab); bDMARDs versus Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi); and bDMARDs monotherapy versus combination therapy (bDMARDs and MTX). Results: Twenty-one records were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis; seven population-based cohorts, eight prospective, and six retrospective cohort studies. Overall, 182,098 rheumatoid arthritis patients were evaluated. In the meta-analysis, lower effectiveness was observed among TNFi users than in non-TNFi (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.81-0.95; p < 0.01; I2 = 94.0%) and bDMARDs than in JAKi (RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.79-0.94; p < 0.01; I2 = 93.0%). Higher effectiveness among adalimumab, etanercept, and golimumab than in infliximab (RR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.05-1.36; p < 0.01; I2 = 96.0%) was found. No significant differences in the effectiveness of bDMARD monotherapy compared to combination therapy (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.68-1.00; p < 0.01; I2 = 81.0%) was observed. E-value analysis indicated that the estimates were not robust against unmeasured confounding. Conclusion: According to the available real-world data, our results suggest that biological therapy effectively treats patients with rheumatoid arthritis, indicating higher effectiveness with non-TNFi and JAKi than with TNFi. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID#CRD42020190838, identifier CRD42020190838.

Safety of biological therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in administrative health databases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease that affects the synovial fluid of joints, tendons, and some extra-articular sites. Biologic agents have been highly effective and are comparable in reducing RA symptoms, slowing disease progression, and improving physical function; however, concerns have been raised about the risks of several potential adverse effects. Thus, this study aimed to assess the safety of biological therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in observational studies using administrative health databases. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Ovid, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from inception to 21 October 2021. The analysis was divided into five groups: tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) versus non-TNFi; TNFi versus csDMARDs; bDMARDs versus csDMARDs; abatacept versus bDMARDs; and TNFi versus Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi). The adverse events were cancer, cardiovascular events, infection, herpes zoster, tuberculosis, and death. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A random-effects model estimated risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Thirty-one studies were eligible for inclusion in the present systematic review, published from 2014 to 2021. A total of 1,039,398 RA patients were assessed. The 31 studies evaluated eleven different biological drugs. No significant differences were found regarding safety between TNFi versus non-TNFi (RR 1.08; 95% CI 0.92-1.28; p < 0.01; I2 = 93.0%), TNFi versus csDMARDs (RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.75-1.10; p < 0.01; I2 = 87.0%), bDMARDs versus csDMARDs (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.82-1.20; p < 0.01; I2 = 93.0%), abatacept versus bDMARDs (RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.54-1.18; p < 0.01; I2 = 90.0%), and TNFi versus JAKi (RR 3.54; 95% CI 0.30-42.09; p = 0.01; I2 = 81.0%). In the subgroup analysis, among studies comparing abatacept to TNFi, a lower risk of cardiovascular events was associated with abatacept (RR 0.37; 95% CI 0.24-0.55). Conclusion: Our results do not suggest an increased risk of adverse events associated with biological therapy in treating RA patients, indicating a lower risk of cardiovascular events with abatacept than TNFi. However, these findings must be interpreted with caution given the limitations of this study and the low/very low certainty of the evidence. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?, identifier [CRD42020190838].

Association between paracetamol use during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: Prospective NISAMI cohort.

BACKGROUND: Paracetamol is widely used to manage fever and pain during pregnancy worldwide. However, paracetamol may affect the pregnant woman and fetus, once this drug crosses the placental barrier after therapeutic doses and may impair fetal liver function, affecting fetus growth and development. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between paracetamol use during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes as preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Data from 760 pregnant women within the NISAMI Cohort between June 2012 and February 2014 were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association among paracetamol use during pregnancy and preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age. Multivariate analyses were adjusted for socioeconomic, maternal, pregnancy, and newborn covariates. Around 14% of women were exposed to paracetamol during pregnancy. A decrease in paracetamol use throughout pregnancy was observed. Lower risk of low birth weight in infants born to women exposed to the drug (OR 0.21; IC 95% 0.01-0.99) was found. Paracetamol use during pregnancy was not statistically associated with preterm birth or small for gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study do not suggest an increased risk of perinatal outcomes. However, it should not be assumed that paracetamol is a risk-free medication and its use must be rational.

Solanum malmeanum, a promising wild relative for potato breeding.

Crop wild relatives are gaining increasing attention. Their use in plant breeding is essential to broaden the genetic basis of crops as well as to meet industrial demands, for global food security and sustainable production. Solanum malmeanum (Solanum sect. Petota, Solanaceae) is a wild relative of potatoes (S. tuberosum) from Southern South America, occurring in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. This wild potato has been largely mistaken for or historically considered as conspecific with S. commersonii. Recently, it was reinstated at the species level. Retrieving information on its traits and applied uses is challenging, because the species name has not always been applied correctly and also because species circumscriptions and morphological criteria applied to recognize it have not been consistent. To overcome these difficulties, we performed a thorough literature reference survey, herbaria specimens' identification revision and genebank database queries to review and update the information available on this potato wild relative, contributing to an increase in research on it to fully understand and explore its potential for potato breeding. Scarce studies have been carried out concerning its reproductive biology, resistance against pests and diseases as well as tolerance to abiotic stresses and evaluation of quality traits. The scattered information available makes it less represented in genebanks and genetic studies are missing. We compile, update and present available information for S. malmeanum on taxonomy, geographical distribution, ecology, reproductive biology, relationship with its closest relatives, biotic and abiotic stresses resistance and quality traits and discuss ways to overcome sexual barriers of hybridization and future perspectives for its use in potato breeding. As a final remark, we highlight that this species' potential uses have been neglected and must be unlocked. Thus, further studies on morphological and genetic variability with molecular tools are fundamental for an efficient conservation and applied use of this promising genetic resource.